Earth and Space Science
Rock types: - Igneous: Formed from cooling magma (underground = intrusive, e.g., granite) or lava (surface = extrusive, e.g., basalt, obsidian). - Sedimentary: Compressed layers of sediment. Contains fossils. Examples: sandstone, limestone, shale. - Metamorphic: Existing rock changed by heat and/or pressure. Examples: marble (from limestone), quartzite (from sandstone).
Earth's layers (outside → in): Crust → Mantle → Outer core (liquid iron-nickel) → Inner core (solid iron-nickel). Density and temperature increase toward the center.
Water cycle: Evaporation → Condensation (clouds) → Precipitation → Runoff/collection → repeat.
Atmosphere layers (lowest → highest): Troposphere (weather) → Stratosphere (ozone layer) → Mesosphere → Thermosphere → Exosphere.
Planets in order from sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. ("My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos")
Moon's gravity has the most influence on oceanic tides (though the sun also contributes).
Other concepts in General Science
- Cell Biology
- Cell Division
- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Genetics and Heredity
- Osmosis and Diffusion
- Human Body Systems
- Taxonomy (Classification of Life)
- Ecology
- Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
- Chemical Bonding
- Acids, Bases, and pH
- States of Matter and Phase Changes
- Waves, Sound, and Light
- Newton's Laws of Motion