Acids, Bases, and pH
pH scale: 0–14. Measures concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. Logarithmic — each unit = 10× difference.
- pH < 7 = acid (more H⁺ ions; examples: lemon juice pH 2, vinegar pH 3)
- pH = 7 = neutral (pure water)
- pH > 7 = base/alkaline (fewer H⁺ ions; examples: baking soda pH 9, bleach pH 12)
Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Other concepts in General Science
- Cell Biology
- Cell Division
- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Genetics and Heredity
- Osmosis and Diffusion
- Human Body Systems
- Taxonomy (Classification of Life)
- Ecology
- Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
- Chemical Bonding
- States of Matter and Phase Changes
- Waves, Sound, and Light
- Earth and Space Science
- Newton's Laws of Motion