Chemical Bonding
Ionic bond: One atom transfers electrons to another. Donor becomes cation (+); receiver becomes anion (−). Forms salts (e.g., NaCl).
Covalent bond: Atoms share electrons. Nonpolar = equal sharing (same element, e.g., O₂). Polar = unequal sharing (e.g., H₂O — oxygen pulls electrons more).
Compound: Two or more different elements bonded together.
Reactions: - Exothermic: Releases heat (combustion, rusting). Products have less energy than reactants. - Endothermic: Absorbs heat (photosynthesis, dissolving ammonium nitrate). Products have more energy.
Other concepts in General Science
- Cell Biology
- Cell Division
- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Genetics and Heredity
- Osmosis and Diffusion
- Human Body Systems
- Taxonomy (Classification of Life)
- Ecology
- Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
- Acids, Bases, and pH
- States of Matter and Phase Changes
- Waves, Sound, and Light
- Earth and Space Science
- Newton's Laws of Motion