Exhaust manifold: Collects burned gases from each cylinder.
Catalytic converter: Uses precious metal catalysts (platinum, palladium, rhodium) to convert CO and unburned hydrocarbons into CO₂ and H₂O, and reduce NOx into N₂. Requires operating temperature to function efficiently.
Muffler: Reduces exhaust noise through internal chambers.
EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation): Recirculates a portion of exhaust back into the intake, lowering combustion temperature and reducing NOx emissions.