Master cylinder: Converts pedal force into hydraulic pressure in the brake lines.
Disc brakes: Caliper squeezes brake pads against a spinning rotor. Used on most front wheels.
Drum brakes: Brake shoes press outward against the inside of a drum. Often used on rear wheels.
ABS (Anti-lock Brake System): Prevents wheel lockup during hard braking by rapidly pulsing the brakes. This lets the driver maintain steering control. Without ABS, a locked wheel causes skidding and loss of steering.